The first-degree burn usually produces a pink to reddish color on the burned skin. Mild swelling, tenderness and pain are also symptoms of a first-degree burn. This is the least serious type of burn and involves only the upper layer of skin, the epidermis. For these minor burns, the victim should cool with plain water and use non-prescription antibiotic creams. These burns usually heal on their own within a few days with little or no scarring. However, if a first-degree burn is over a large area of the body, seek emergency medical attention. Also, if an infant or elderly person suffers any type of burn, even minor, obtain medical assistance promptly.

A second degree (partial thickness) burn damages the top layers of the skin and causes blistering. This type of burn can result in scarring and may require a skin graft. Second degree burns can result from: Hot liquids, Flash injury, Flame Injury, Scalding liquids.

Third degree burns are the most severe because the damage extends past the upper layers of skin to the sensitive subcutaneous tissue, destroying nerves, blood vessels, and other dermal components. Extensive third degree burns can be fatal because the threat of infection is extremely high. In fact, bacterial infection is the leading cause of death in burn victims.

Thermal: External heat source capable of raising temperature of skin & deeper tissues to a level that causes cell death and protein coagulation. Extent of damage depends on the amount of energy transferred from the source. Causes: Flames, Hot Liquids, Hot Objects or Gases.

Superficial partical-thickness burns cause blistering and are painful. They typically heal within three weeks with minimal scarring.

Full thickness burns: Full thickness burns destroy the first and second layers of the skin. They are dry, with a dark brown appearance. Most full thickness burns are best treated with early removal of the dead tissue, skin grafting and long-term use of compression therapy to minimize scarring.

Damage from Heat Inhalation: True lung burn occurs only if you directly breathe in a hot air/flame source, or have high pressure force the heat into you. In most cases, thermal injury is confined to the upper airways, because the trachea usually shields the lung from thermal loads. However, secondary airway involvement can occur after inhalation of steam as it has a greater thermal capacity than dry air. When hot air enters the nose, damage to the mucous membranes can readily transpire as the upper airway acts as a cooling chamber.

Electrical injuries: Some 3-4% of burn unit admissions are caused by electrocution injuries. An electric current will travel through the body from one point to another, creating "entry" and "exit" points. The tissue between these two points can be damaged by the current. The amount of heat generated, and hence the level of tissue damage, is equal to 0.24x(voltage)2xresistance. The voltage is therefore the main determinant of the degree of tissue damage, and it is logical to divide electrocution injuries into those caused by low voltage, domestic current and those due to high voltage currents.

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