itself. During each contraction, the heart pumps out a certain amount of blood but under

certain circumstances, such as in severe anaemia, chronic infection of lungs, overactivity

of the thyroid gland, rheumatic or bacterial heart disease, disease of heart muscles, after

a larger myocardial infarction (heart attack) and high blood pressure, its pumping capacity

gets decreased. This condition is called heart failure or congestive heart failure. Heart

failure does not mean stoppage of the heart as is generally believed. The decreased output

of the blood leads to back pressure of blood, causing enlargement of the heart and

engorgement of the veins. Due to this back pressure, some amount of fluid and sodium ions

pass out of the capillaries and collect in the tissues, causing swelling or edema. There is

also congestion of blood in the lungs, leading to difficulty in breathing and inducesing

cough. There is a decrease in the working capacity and even walking may be difficult. An

X-ray of chest, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram (ultrasonic examination of heart)

usually reveals the cause of congestive heart failure (CHF).

Treatment and Drugs

The treatment of heart failure includes general measures and drug treatment.

Bedrest: The patient must take adequate bedrest, for 10 to 15 days. The rest decreases the

work of the heart and helps in early recovery.

Diet: In congestive heart failure there is collection of fluid with sodium in extracellular

tissues. The intake of sodium chloride in the diet should be drastically reduced to 2 to 3 g

per day.

Drugs: The aim of drug treatment is to increase the power of contraction of the heart

muscle, control sodium and water retention, and decrease the workload on the heart and

improve heart performance.

Drugs which can contribute to the CHF such as verapamil, pain relievers, steroid hormones,

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